Brown Mustard

Brown Mustard
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Sinapis juncea L.)
Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Family

Description of Mustard

Brown mustard annual herb taproot thickened weak. Stem erect height (7.9)23.6–39.4(59) in branched base. Leaves alternate simple ascending decrease less divided petioles shorten: lower petiolate large lyrate odd-pinnate lobed larger upper lobes rarely entire green; middle lanceolate notched; upper entire sessile not stem-clasping bluish. Flowers regular golden-yellow small terminal branches elongate racemes perianth tetramerous sepals spreading horizontal corolla golden-yellow petals narrow claw stamens 6 2 shorter pistil 1 superior ovary 2 locules short style capitate stigma. Fruit dehiscent cylindrical thin tuberculate pod deviating stem interveined valves length 2.8–4.7 in awl-shaped thin beak ¼ pod. Seeds light-yellow brown black-bluish (variety) small 0.04–0.07 in diameter spherical cellular. Blooms May–June fruits June–August. Propagates seeds depth 1.2–1.6 in. Salad varieties ascorbic rich. Weed black soils roads embankments. Field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) annual overwintering erect branched 7.9–19.7 in leaves entire pinnatisect uneven-toothed 4 sepals spreading symmetric 4 petals yolk-yellow pods bare short-pubescent mature twisted beak short seeds (avg 4000/plant) viable 50 years germinate gradually smooth shiny faint notch blooms May autumn; young shoots leaves bitter seasoning cooking bitterness gone; seeds technical oil; honey plant.

 

Distribution and Ecology of Mustard

Brown mustard hybrid southwest Asia (Central Asia North India China). Weed crops roads wastelands embankments black soils Primorye Priamurye Sakhalin. European Russia Ukraine Belarus Caucasus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan India China Indochina Asia Minor North Africa Europe North America (invasive). Russia culture XVIII century Sarepta (Krasnoarmeysk Volgograd) 1810 first Europe mustard-oil factory. Second sunflower oilseed area. Loose fertile soils (chernozems loams) neutral slightly acidic (pH 5.5–7.0). Sun light shade. Optimal 59–77°F (15–25°C); germinate 36–37°F (2–3°C) adults -23°F (-5°C). Drought taproot moderate watering (1–2/week) flowering (May–June) pods (June–July). Seeds depth 1.2–1.6 in 4000–6000/plant viable 50 years. Varieties ‘Volnushka’ ‘Skorospelka’ salad (‘Mustang’ ‘Salatnaya 56’) vitamin C. Care weed loosen protect flea beetle aphids. Phytoremediation selenium zinc honey bees bumblebees. Weed cereals.

 

Raw Materials from Mustard

Main seeds (semen Sinapis junceae) cake (powder) essential oil rarely salad leaves. Seeds June–August lower middle pods yellow lower leaves fall. Harvest modified combines dry windrows thresh dry 0.8–1.2 in layer tarps clean winnowers. Yield 5–10 c/ha. Seeds 0.05–0.07 in reddish-brown shades pungent taste weak odor sharp warm water (104–122°F/40–50°C) allyl isothiocyanate. Cross-section round radicle two horseshoe cotyledons inner smaller. Salad leaves May–June pre-flowering. Cake cold press fat oil. Essential distillate cake steam. Quality allyl isothiocyanate ≥0.7% humidity ≤12% ash ≤5% impurities ≤2%. Leaves dry 95–104°F (35–40°C) yield 20–25%. Pack seeds cake 132 lb (60 kg) sacks leaves paper. Store dry ventilated pallets ≤12% humidity. Shelf seeds 3 years cake 2 leaves 1. Check mold insects (granary weevil). Authenticity cake pungent taste oil odor warm water.

 

Chemical Composition of Mustard

Seeds glycoside sinigrin (2–<3%) enzymes (myrosulfatase thioglucosidase) allyl isothiocyanate (essential 1.17–<2.89% allyl <40% crotonyl <50%) carbon disulfide dimethyl sulfide; fat oil (20–<49% glycerides erucic oleic linoleic linolenic arachidic lignoceric behenic palmitic dioxystearic myristic); proteins (20–<25%); mucilage (<15%); minerals (zinc selenium). Leaves ascorbic (56–100 mg%) carotene (1.69–2.5 mg%) calcium (182 mg%) iron (2.4 mg%) flavonoids glycosides (sinigrin less).

 

Uses and Benefits of Mustard

Essential (allyl isothiocyanate 1.17–<2.89% allyl <40% crotonyl <50%) irritant warming distracting burning circulation breathing. Plasters 2% spirit bronchitis pneumonia neuralgia radiculitis rheumatism hypertension angina (chest nape calves avoid heart) ‘Apizartron’ ointment joints. Seeds cake appetite gastric juice laxative anti-inflammatory antiseptic constipation opium poisoning nervous fever malaria tongue paralysis. Gastric collections digestion. Salad leaves vitamin C (56–100 mg%) avitaminosis immunity. Baths wraps children colds. Pythagoras memory.

 

Precautions for Using Mustard

Plasters spirit damaged skin sensitivity allergy allyl burns irritation. Water activation ≤122°F (50°C) enzyme inactivation. Prolonged plasters (>15 min) redness burns. Seeds cake excess (>1 tsp/day) gastric irritation diarrhea. Raw salad leaves moderate (≤1.76 oz/50 g day) GI inflammation. Children under 3 baths doctor only.

 

Contraindications for Using Mustard

Intolerance Cruciferae allergy (cabbage radish) kidney inflammation (nephritis pyelonephritis) pulmonary tuberculosis gastric duodenal ulcers acute high-acid gastritis varicose veins (external) eczema psoriasis. Children under 3 plasters baths burn allergy risk. Pregnant avoid abdomen lower back internal large doses.

 

Medicinal Recipes with Mustard

1. Plasters cold. 3.1×4.9 in paper thin mustard powder warm water (104–113°F/40–45°C) paste. Apply chest back nape 5–15 min redness avoid heart. 1–2/day bronchitis pneumonia neuralgia prevention hypertension.
   
2. Foot bath. 1 tbsp powder 1.3 gal (5 l) warm (104°F/40°C). Feet 10–15 min daily cold. Children ≤5 min doctor.
   
3. Spirit pains. 2 tbsp powder 3.4 oz (100 ml) 40% alcohol steep 5 days dark strain. Rub affected 1–2/day radiculitis rheumatism neuralgia.
   
4. Seed infusion digestion. 1 tsp seeds 6.8 oz (200 ml) warm steep 30 min strain. 1.7 oz (50 ml) 2/day before meals >2 weeks constipation.
   
5. Joint compress. 1 tsp powder 1 tbsp honey 1.7 oz (50 ml) warm. Gauze joint 10 min daily rheumatism.
   

 

Cosmetic Uses of Mustard

Irritant (circulation) antiseptic (allyl) nourishing (oil vitamins). Hair growth oily skin acne.

1. Hair growth mask. 1 tbsp powder 1 tbsp honey 2 tbsp warm. Scalp avoid ends 15–20 min rinse warm. Weekly.
   
2. Oily skin toner. 1 tsp powder 3.4 oz (100 ml) warm steep 30 min strain. Wipe cotton daily pores.
   
3. Face scrub. 1 tsp powder 1 tbsp oat 1 tbsp yogurt. Massage 1–2 min rinse warm. Weekly.
   
4. Hair strengthening mask. 1 tbsp powder 1 yolk 1 tbsp olive. Roots 20 min shampoo. 1–2 weekly.
   

 

Culinary Uses of Mustard

Ground seeds seasoning meat fish pickling vegetables fish (herring) suppress fermentation rot. Powder table mustard (1.0–1.1% allyl) meats soups sausages vegetables. Oil baking confectionery canning (olive substitute) perfumery rancids 6 months. Salad leaves raw salads sides seasonings; China salted preserved. Rare roots vegetable.

1. Table mustard. 3.5 oz (100 g) powder 3.4 oz (100 ml) warm (104°F/40°C) 1 tbsp vinegar 1 tsp sugar 0.5 tsp salt 1 tbsp oil. Steep 6–8 hours warm. Meat fish.
   
2. Leaf salad. 1.76 oz (50 g) salad leaves 1 cucumber 1 tomato 0.35 oz (10 g) onion dress 1 tbsp oil lemon. Side.
   
3. Fish marinade. 1 tbsp powder 2 tbsp soy 1 tbsp honey 1 tbsp lemon. Fish 1 hour fry.
   
4. Mustard sauce. 2 tbsp powder 1.7 oz (50 ml) cream 1 tsp honey salt whisk. Vegetables meat.
   

 

Other Properties of Mustard

Honey plant bees bumblebees. Powder clean dishes grease odors absorbent. Overeat leaves livestock GI inflammation cow milk bitter. Seeds technical lubricants.